EDUCATIONAL
MATERIAL
Prepared
to meet
Task
subjects: Education Science
Lecturers:
Prof. H. Sutrisno
By
Name : Najiba Rahmawati
NIM : 14410111
PREFACE
PART
I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
The learning process
can not be separated from the existence and use of learning resources. With the
availability and utilization of appropriate learning resources and will be able
to enrich prose contextual study is ongoing. Memedai availability of learning
resources will be able to overcome the barriers of space and time associated
with the learning process in class. Thus, the availability of adequate learning
resources will be able to equip, maintain, and enrich the learning process.
Because they many variations of learning resources we need to understand the
various formats or diverse forms, characteristics, and beneficiaries.[1]
Learning as a process
is a system that can not be separated from other components that interact in
it. One component in this process is a source of learning. Source learn that
none other than the power that can be utilized for the purpose of teaching and
learning process, either directly or indirectly, in part or whole.[2]
Learning resources, is the
teaching materials are packaged as a material to be presented in the learning
process. Presentation of learning material in the form of description that
contains the facts and principles, the norms relating to the rules, values and
attitudes, as well as a set of actions or motor skills. Thus, learning
resources basically contains the message, information and illustrations in the
form of facts, concepts, ideas, principles and processes related to the
specific subject matter is directed to a learning goal.
Along with the
developments in the world of education that continues to experience a lot of
growth and change. To compensate for the developments in the world of education
many make renewal of the learning resources used in education. Learning
resources in education was a lot of, not only the source is provided by schools
or other educational institutions, but also learning resources can come from
the surrounding environment as well as if we're socializing with the community
is also a source of learning. Other things such as culture, environment, and
natural knowledge can also be a source for learning. So it is not only a source
of learning in the formal forums such as schools, but also come from within
ourselves through a variety of experiences that we get.
Understanding
of Learning Resources
Learning resources in
the narrow sense is, for example, books or other printed materials. Broader
understanding of learning resources provided by Edgar Dale stating that it is a
source of learning experience.
Learning resources in
the sense of being very broad meaning, covering an area of life itself.
Learning is essentially a process of behavioral changes toward a more perfect
fit with the specific objectives that have been defined previously.[3]
Edgar Dale found that
experience can provide learning resources are classified according to a certain
level, conical experience. Hierarchical arrangements of the types of experience
are arranged from the concrete to the abstract. In the development of learning
resources that consists of two kinds, namely:
First, learning
resources designed or intentionally created or used to assist learning,
commonly called learning resources by design. For example, such as books,
brochures, encyclopedias, films, videos, tapes, slides, films strips, OHP. All
hardware is intentionally created for the benefit of the teaching activities.
Second, learning
resources are utilized in order to provide convenience to someone in studying
the form of all kinds of learning resources that exist around us. This learning
resource is not designed for the benefit of an activity the purpose of
teaching. This learning resource called the learning resources by utilization.
For example, markets, shops, museums, community leaders, and so that no
surrounding environment.[4]
Besides learning
resources can also be divided into two parts:
1)
The source of
learning that has been designed for the purpose of learning: maps, globes, maps
arise, and so on.
2)
Learning
resources that can be used for learning purposes, ie sources that are not
designed for learning purposes, but can be used for learning purposes such as
museums, parks, zoos, and so on. [5]
In more detail, both
concerning the source of which has been is designed or not, learning resources,
there are five types:
a.
People
People are a source of
learning. As a teacher, counselor, administrator, teacher aides, tutors, and so
on. They have received special training in its function as a learning resource.
People can be asked to be a source of learning because they have a job
proficiency or skill embarrassing in public, bank experts, entrepreneurs,
artists, and others, and recently became a source of learning when they are
called upon to help the child to learn.
b.
Material objects
Material things is a
learning resource that brings the message to be delivered. These objects are a
source of learning because it has been designed for the purpose of learning,
called instructional materials or media. For example the book calendar notes,
printed books, slides and all bendayang used in schools karean these objects
have been designed for the purpose of learning.
c.
Space and place
Space and place of
learning is learning resources as well, because the space and this place used
by students for learning needs. Students interact with space and place, such as
school buildings, the library, the auditorium, and so on. Places and spaces
that are in the community, which can be used for learning needs, is a historic
building, factory, farmhouses, roads, lakes, and so on.
d.
Tools and
furniture
Tools and furniture
could be raw materials which are not prepared for learning needs. Tool designed
for learning purposes, among others, audiovisual tools such as a projector to
display, camera for production. The tools are not designed, but can be used for
learning needs is a machine, miskroskop, test tubes, axes, nails, wood, clay,
tires, and so forth.
e.
Activity
Activity is a source of
learning because the activities are usually combined with elements of other
sources. This activity is a technique facilitates learning, such as teaching
techniques berprogram, simulation techniques, and so on. In this activity contained
learning objectives, the types of evaluation, few material things, and its use
beberpa special way.[6]
Development
of Learning
Resources Learning
resources that should be used effectively to make contact with students
appropriately. To create such activities, the personnel involved should perform
its function properly. The development of learning resources is closely related
to the function. There are six types of functions in the development of this
resource, namely:[7]
a.
Functions of
research and theory
The objective function
is to produce research and theory and test knowledge related to learning
resources, students, and role functioning. This objective can be obtained by
plotting the research, research melaukan, revisiting (review) research
literature, and practice information into learning. Another goal of the
research function and the theory is to develop a unique theory on educational
technology. Penegtahuan of this function can guide the activities of other
functions.
b.
Function design
The objective function
is to describe the design of an outline of the theory of educational technology
following pelajarn matter content in the specification to be used as a learning
resource.
c.
Production
function and placement
The purpose of this
function to specifically describe learning resources into learning resources
kongret. The output of the function is the production and placement of concrete
products in the form of prototypes or materials for learning resources.
d.
Evaluation
function and selection
The purpose of this
function to determine or meniali acceptance (or similar criteria) learning
resources by other functions. This can be done by experimental methods
practical and objective.
e.
Organizational
functions and services
The goal is to create
or make the sources and uses of information easily available for other
functions and services for students. The output of this function might be in
the library catalog system, assembling the system, the operating system
distribution system and so on.
f.
Utilization
function
The objective function
is to bring the students in contact with sources of learning. To do so, the
person must:
1)
Directing
2)
Prepare
3)
Presenting
4)
Help
5)
Implement the continuation of the use of learning resources
Classification
of Learning Resources
The classification is
considered a classic of learning resources is the division by Edgar Dale
(1954), detailed the experiences cone. The division was easy to understand,
describe the distribution of learning resources from the most concrete to the
most abstract level, provided that the meaning of the experience is defined as
a learning resource, even though a lot of people who found the experience was
broader than learning resources. Wallington (1970) stated that the main role of
learning resources is carrying or delivering the stimulus and information to
students. and thus to facilitate the classification of learning resources that
we can ask questions like "what", "who", "where"
and "how".
Another division that
is similar to the above classification is proposed by Donald. P. Ely (1963),
except that the term he uses somewhat different, for example:
a. The term people replaced with man as the
party menyalurakan or transmit messages.
b. Media instumentation replaced with
maetrials and devices as material (software) and equipment (hardware)
c. Techniques replaced
by methods as a means or methods used in presenting information.
d. Environment replaced
with setting as the environment in which teaching and learning interactions
occur.
With this statement,
the description and learning resources will become more apparent. As stated by
Torkleson (1965), the learning resources such extent, can cover everything that
is used for the benefit of lessons, which is all that is in the school in the
past, present, and the future.[8]
Classification
of Types of Learning Resources
|
No.
|
Type Learning Resources
|
Definition
|
Example
|
|
|
Designed
|
Be used
|
|||
|
1.
|
Message
|
The
information should be transmitted by other components in the form of ideas,
facts, understanding the data.
|
Teaching
materials.
|
Folklore,
fairy tales, advice.
|
|
2.
|
People
|
People
who store information or disseminate information. Excluding that run the
function to the development and management of learning resources.
|
Teachers,
actors, students, speakers, player. Not including technicians, curriculum
team.
|
Speakers,
community leaders, leadership offices, respondents.
|
|
3.
|
Material
|
Something
can be called media / software that supports the message to be presented
through pemakainan tool.
|
Transparency,
films, slides, tapes, books, pictures, and others.
|
Relief,
temples, statues, engineering equipment.
|
|
4.
|
Device
|
Sesuatu
bisa disebut media/hardware yang menyaluran pesan untuk disajikan yang ada
didalam software
|
OHP,
proyektor,slides, film, TV, kamera, papan tulis.
|
Generator,
mesin, alat-alat mobil.
|
|
5.
|
Technique
|
Prosedur
yang disiapkan dalam mempergunakan bahan pelajaran, peralatan, situasi, dan
orang untuk menyampaikan pesan.
|
Ceramah,
diskusi, simulasi, kuliah, belajar mandiri.
|
Permaian,
percakapan biasa/spontan
|
|
6.
|
Setting
|
Situasi
sekitar dimana pesan disaluran/ditransmisikan.
|
Ruangan
kelas, studio, perpustakaan, auditorium, aula.
|
Teman,
kebun, pasar, museum, toko.
|
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